Major risk factors for kidney cancer

The factor or factors that most often cause kidney cancer are not still accurately known. But there are risk factors that are common in most patients. Aging, genetics, overweight and obesity, certain diseases, family history of disease are among the most common causes.

Types of kidney cancer

Children up to age 15 are more likely to develop a type of kidney cancer called Wilms' tumor. Wilms' tumor is a rare type of kidney cancer, also called pediatric kidney cancer. This type of kidney cancer is also known as nephroblastoma. Six percent of all childhood cancers are Wilms' tumors. The disease is usually unilateral and the probability of involvement of both kidneys is less than 50%.

Stages of kidney cancer

Stage I At this stage a seven centimeters or smaller tumor has formed inside the kidney. Stage II A seven centimeter or bigger tumor has formed inside the kidney but other organs still are not infected. Stage III At this stage, the kidney tumor extends beyond the kidneys and may have reached the adrenal glands or adjacent tissues or organs. In addition, it may involve lymph nodes. Stage IIII At this stage, the disease has reached its peak and has affected other organs, such as the intestines, lungs, or pancreas.

Reasons for Kidney Transplant Rejection

Kidney transplant or renal transplant is a precious procedure that can improve the recipient’s health life noticeably. However, some of the transplants are not successful. Sometimes the body does not accept the new organ and consequently rejects it. Therefore, before undergoing kidney transplant surgery, you should consider the risks and the possibility of organ rejection in order to prevent future emotional conflicts.

Kidney rejection can happen due to several reasons. Yet, learning about the symptoms of kidney rejection can help treat it before serious damage happens to the organ. In this article, we are going to discuss the reasons for kidney transplant rejection, the symptoms of rejection, and how it can be prevented.

Kidney function

Kidneys are two bean-like organs that are placed below the rib cage and on each side of the spine. The kidneys’ function is essential to our lives. The kidney performs at least three major functions to keep our body healthy:

Blood filtration in order to remove waste products and changing them into urine to be evacuated from the body
Releasing some hormones to regulate the blood pressure
Releasing the hormone erythropoietin to stimulate the red blood cells production

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When kidney transplant is needed?

Renal failure happens when the kidney stops working. End-stage renal disease happens when the kidney is not almost working and toxic waste products are accumulated in the body.

The end-stage renal disease mostly occurs because of reasons like diabetes, high blood pressure, polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, and severe urinary tract anatomical problems. In this stage, patients need to undergo dialysis or have a kidney transplant. Donor kidneys for transplantation come from either a living donor or a deceased donor.

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Kidney rejection reasons

There can be different reasons for having a kidney transplant rejection. However, the most common cause of this problem is the immune system response in the body. The immune system recognizes the antigens of transplant kidneys as foreign and to defend the body attack them.

For suppressing the immune system response, anti-rejection medications are prescribed. Other reasons for rejection are discussed below:

Chronic Rejection: this is one of the most reasons of kidney transplant failure. Long-term damage can happen to the transplanted kidney by the immune system. Patients need to follow their prescribed medications carefully and have a healthy diet in order to reduce this danger. However, sometimes kidney rejection happens and it is out of the patients’ control.

Blood Clots: when the blood in transplanted kidney vessels clots, the kidney does not have blood flow anymore. This problem often occurs in a short time after the surgery.

Fluid Collection: fluid collection around the kidney can cause pressure and ultimately damage the organ.

Infection: an untreated infection in the kidney can cause serious problems and harm.

Donor Kidney Problems: sometimes there are some problems with the donor kidney that are not expected by the doctors and show themselves after being transplanted.

Side Effects of Medicines: side effects of some medicines can be harmful to the transplanted kidney. You should always consult with your doctor about your medications.

Recurrent Disease: sometimes the disease that harmed your original kidney in the first place can return and damage the donor kidney once more. This is not a very common issue though.

The most common signs of kidney rejection

After transplanting, your body may detect your transplanted organ as a foreign object and attack it to defend you, even though you use immunosuppressant medications. About 20 percent of patients experience at least a part of the rejection. However, remember that it does not mean losing your new kidney because most rejections are mild and can easily be treated by adjusting the dosage of immunosuppression medication.

Most rejections happen in the first six months of transplant. Rejection can happen any time after transplant but its risks usually decrease in time. A kidney transplant failure may do not have any symptoms and appear in blood test results. But the most common symptoms of rejection are:

Fever higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius)
Flu-like symptoms such as chills, body aches, headache, nausea, dizziness, etc.
Fatigue
Decreased urine output
Sudden weight gain
Fluid retention (swelling)
Increase in serum creatinine
Abdominal pain or tenderness around the transplant area
High blood pressure

Examining the blood test and a kidney biopsy is also necessary to make sure the kidney rejection is really happening.

How can kidney rejection be prevented?

For detecting kidney problems, repeated blood work and having a renal ultrasound in order to check the blood flow in the kidney seem to be very important. Also, doing a kidney biopsy is often necessary in order to find out the kidney rejection occurrence. This procedure involves retrieving a small sample of kidney tissue in order to be tested for the possibility of rejection. This process can be done in the hospital or an outpatient clinic.

For performing a kidney biopsy, the top of your kidney area gets numbed and a fine needle passes through your kidney in order to collect a tissue sample. The biopsy procedure takes about 20 to 30 minutes and to prevent bleeding, you need to lie down for 2 hours.

Then the sample is examined under the microscope and if the rejection is diagnosed, your doctor prescribes necessary medications in order to prevent rejection and treat it. You may need to be on your doctor’s monitoring and stay in hospital for a couple of days. Your treatment should be determined by your physician based on the severity of kidney rejection and your general condition. In this situation, the usual medication is taking stronger doses of anti-rejection drugs.

Author: Leila Nazari

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